Johdat keskisuurta urheiluseuraa. Painit pienen budjetin kanssa, joten mikään ei saisi maksaa mitään. On uuden kauden alku ja viime kauden puuhamiehistä jokainen on jättänyt oman roolinsa, kuka mistäkin syystä. Kausi lähestyy, eikä uusia tekijöitä kuulu. Tekijöitä pitäisi saada aina huollosta markkinointiin, mutta edelleenkin kaikki tuo työ tulisi tehdä ilmaiseksi. Paniikki hiipii puseroon.
Onneksi edellä kuviteltu tilanne ei ole totta, ei ainakaan yleistä. Vai onko?
Olen työskennellyt vuoden alusta vapaaehtoistoiminnan parissa. Työni on käytännössä pitää vapaaehtoisista huolta. Jo ensimmäisten kuukausien jälkeen ymmärsin hyvin selkeästi vapaaehtoistoiminnan yhtäläisyyden urheiluseuroissa toimiviin tekijöihin, jotka eivät suuresta työmäärästä huolimatta saa työstään palkkaa.
Kansalaisareenan mukaan vapaaehtoistoiminnasta ei makseta palkkaa, eikä se korvaa ammattityötä. Toimintaan tullaan omasta tahdosta ja sen saa lopettaa niin halutessaan. Toiminta ei ole velvollisuus ja siihen riittää omat tiedot ja taidot. Vapaaehtoisella on myös aina oikeus tukeen ja ohjaukseen.
Urheiluseuran johtamisen kannalta olisi oleellista ymmärtää, että seurassa ilmaista työtä tekevät ovat vapaaehtoisia. On myös tarpeellista pohtia, miksi kukaan tulisi urheiluseuraan ilmaiseksi ”töihin” tai voisiko seurasi tehdä enemmän ollakseen houkuttelevampi ympäristö toimia?
Ihmisen yksi oleellisimmista motiiveista tehdä vapaaehtoistyötä on se, että hän saa siitä itse jotain. Koska se ei ole rahaa, se on jotain paljon tärkeämpää. Se on henkistä ja fyysistä palkkaa siitä, että oma toiminta on merkityksellistä. Tähän vaikuttaa esimerkiksi seuran arvomaailma ja sen noudattaminen. Itse pidän hyvin tärkeänä sitä, että lupaukset ja sopimukset pitävät.
Olen todistanut läheltä lukuisia kertoja urheiluseurassa, kun jo lopettamispäätöksen tehnyttä vapaaehtoista maanitellaan jatkamaan kauniiden korulauseiden saattelemana. On melko normaali toimintakulttuuri, että vapaaehtoisista pidetään kiinni, koska uusiakaan ei ole. Kenties niin ei kuitenkaan kannattaisi toimia. Sen sijaan vapaaehtoista tulisi kiittää hänen panoksestaan ja päästä hänet huilaamaan. Näin hän todennäköisesti myös palaisi takaisin toimintaan.
Hyvin yleistä urheiluseuroissa on myös se, että vapaaehtoisten ollessa kortilla, yhdelle ihmiselle ladataan useampi vastuualue kauden ajaksi. Lopputuloksena kauden jälkeen on ihmisraunio, joka on henkisesti ja fyysisesti täysin loppu. Sinun tehtäväsi urheiluseuran johdossa on pitää huoli siitä, että vapaaehtoistyötä ei tehdä liikaa. Karsi kuormaa, älä lisää sitä.
Kaikkein tärkeintä mielestäni on vapaaehtoisen oikeus tukeen ja ohjaukseen. Se kuulostaa mielestäni monimutkaisemmalta kuin oikeasti on. Itse ajattelen, että vapaaehtoista tulee muistaa kiittää ja hänelle pitää tehdä selväksi, että hänen panoksensa on tärkeä ja häntä arvostetaan. Järjestä ilmaisia koulutuksia ja ilmaisia virkistymishetkiä. Järjestä tapaamisia, jossa kaikki seuratoimijat voivat vaihtaa ajatuksia keskenään ja pidä huoli siitä, että olet itsekin paikalla. Vapaaehtoisen pitää tietää, että tuki ja ohjaus on olemassa. Aina.
Onko sinulla tapana soittaa tasaisin väliajoin seuran tekijät läpi ja tiedustella heidän kuulumiset?
Uskon tavan olevan melko harvinaista, koska en itse ole tällaiseen käytäntöön törmännyt urheilun parissa. Tiedän hyvin, että urheiluseuran arki on kiireistä, mutta olisiko siellä päivässä kuitenkin aikaa yhdelle puhelulle niitä varten, jotka tekevät palkatta asioita seuran eteen? Kalenteriin voi merkata joka päivälle yhden seuran toimijan, jolle soittaa. Helpompaa tapaa kertoa arvostuksesta ei ole.
Miksi kirjoitan tällaisesta? Koska olen tänäkin syksynä törmännyt useaan kertaan seuroihin, joilla ovat tekijät vähissä. Esimerkiksi sosiaalialalla on useita aktiivisia toimijoita, jotka pyörittävät hurjaa määrää vapaaehtoisia. Haastan sinut tutustumaan jonkun vapaaehtoistoimintaa tekevän organisaation toimintaan ja pohtimaan uudelleen käytäntöjäsi vapaaehtoisten suhteen. Seuroissa tulisi siirtyä tilanteesta valittamisen sijaan oppimisen polulle.
Lopuksi yksi sana: maine.
Edistääkö sitä paremmin loppuun palanut ihminen vai hyvinvoiva vapaaehtoinen, joka saa kiitoksen ja arvostuksen omasta työstään? Voisiko maineella olla jotain tekemistä sen kanssa, ettei uusia tekijöitä tunnu löytyvän?
In the midst of our daily lives, the football world cup, various events in our communities and the always nourishing holiday season, the 8th World Floorball University Championships was held in Lodz, Poland. Even though the tournament might not of the most prestigious ones, it still has become a somewhat of a tradition in the international calendar, and therefore it is to be treated with respect and professionality. Especially by a country of the highest calibre such as Finland.
Perttu Kytöhonka from our Complex Floorball collective posted some tweets regarding the issues in the game performed by Team Finland, which then raised some thoughts, or rather more questions concerning the tournament, and Finnish floorball in a broader sense.
I have now watched more or less four periods of Team Finland which, btw has a very good squad in this tournament. I understand a bit more Finnish Federations analysis that #floorball is a game of 1v1's as Fin doesn't really have any team level offensive organisation. #salibandyhttps://t.co/GDhfdkuTuQ
As a background in short, the Finnish floorball federation has during recent years been renewing its player development programme. A part of this has been the forming of the U16 - and the U23 -national teams, which has been part of the creation of a larger entity, the national team path.The aim of this structure has been to become the best floorball country in the world and outlining a path for the players starting from a junior level always until the senior level.
Team Finland played 4 games in the tournament, beating Japan and Slovakia, and losing to the Czech Republic and Switzerland. The losses against the latter ones with a rather big margin is worrying signal regarding Finnish floorball, and on a more general level, the attitude towards the nature of floorball as a complex team sport. If we take a look at the roster of Team Finland, we see a competent team formed by players playing at the highest level. There should not be constraints to preform quality floorball with a well defined playing model. Still, without going to a deeper tactical analysis (not to be excluded in the future), especially the semi-final match against Switzerland exposed many problems, which raise questions regarding the preparation process of Team Finland for this tournament. If we put the team’s performance against the visions of the earlier mentioned federation’s player development programme and the national team path, it raises concerns. One could picture there being a clear defined playing identity running through all the national teams. Unfortunately the performance of this team looked more like an individually led project, than something belonging to a broader playing identity.
As we journey deeper behind these negative results, we must raise the question of what/how/why the preparation has been done. Has there been time and if so, how has this precious time been used?
We know that a training camp was held the end of may, where both the men’s team and the U23- team took part in. As this would be an ideal place to prepare for the forthcoming tournament, the reports about the tournament draws a rather different picture. For instance one whole day was dedicated to fitness and technical tests, which included a newly introduced “pig test” (a combination of running strides and strength-endurance). After the camp the men’s head coach Petteri Nykky said that the focus on this camp was not so much in the tactical side, but on other aspects. From this we know that some time was at hand for preparing for the tournament, but we can question the usage of time.
Instead of the time used to improve collective floorball, the contents of the camp seem to confirm the views of the persons leading finnish floorball, who strongly emphasize the individual in floorball, even narrowing the game to a series of 1v1 - situations. From the amount of individual testing during the camp, the saying “you appreciate what you test” can be applicable.
It is hard to draw a line from a preparation consisted of individual testing and “focusing less” on the tactical side, to a successful team performance in an international tournament. In one hand, If the case really is that team performance is being compromised by focusing on individual attributes, then it has to be asked what is the reason in taking part in such a tournament. On the other hand, if there has not been sufficient time to prepare in order to maximise the potential of the team performance, we come again to the same question of why taking part. We can ask the same question for a third time, if we take in consideration the high standards and professionality a leading country such as Finland should always keep. For comparison, Sweden did not send a team in the tournament, as it felt it did not meet the standards. To conclude with, what truly concerns us here at Complex Floorball, is that this performance is not analysed in the context of a complex team sport, but instead it ignites even more the discussion regarding the individual and the enhancement of it’s attributes. The denial and almost the neglectance of the complexity in an invasion sport is deeply worrying. Instead of becoming the world’s leading producer of players and coaches it risks its place at the top.
There is an ongoing dispute in finnish floorball discussion on the future of finnish floorball and the coaching policies of the federation. We have been writing against the oversimplified view of the game as multiple 1vs1-situations. There are ways for the abstraction of the game using the different moments of the game and the areas on the field. The selection of the viewpoint directly affects the interventions that the coaches choose to improve the team and individual players. How we see the game is an important coaching-philosophical choice: do we see the game as a whole complex system or do we simplify it in a linear fashion into separate parts - neglecting the interactions.
Invasion team sports are games of space and time. Those are variables that depend on the interactions of multiple players. Every action of an individual player (including the actions without actually moving) become interactions with the environment and the rest of the players on the field. Playing is interacting, not just being athletic or having capabilities.
The more we focus on separate actions, the more responsibility is left to the players to learn the correct moment for each action. Using training time out of the team floorball sessions to train actions without game context costs valuable time from this learning process unless they are rigourously justified as steps of this learning. A floorball coaches responsibility is also to actively teach the players how to interact - that is to actually play floorball better. The least she can do is to provide an environment for the players to learn it themselves.
An individual player cannot properly learn the complex skill of a team sport as homework, alone. The opposite would be much more logical: use the team training time to maximally improve the interpersonal coordination of the team by training floorball interactions. Interaction includes action, so this time is not taken away from individual technique development either. The players could then perform supplementary training to hone their technical and physical skills alone or together during their own time. Even better if they have the opportunity to play street games and hone their skills in a game environment.
Motor learning theory and floorball interactions
Often we hear the argument that a player first needs to learn the movement patterns and repeat them until they are filed in the "muscle memory". Only after this is she able to perform them under pressure in a game context. This is the case according to contemporary motor skill and motor learning theories. It is very much possible to learn new skills in a game situation. That is how children also learn - by playing. People do not work like a machine: storing action scripts in their memory and running them at a correct moment. Instead we learn to adapt into a sport-specific environment. Technical details are variable, even though the repetitions have similar features. Our bodies have much in common after all. For example, players learn to deliver the ball to her teammates in variable situations. The players have individual differences in their passing and shooting techniques - or even better, they have totally different strengths and weaknesses. This is true even on the top level. According to complexity framework, such diversity is an advantage for the system.
During a “holistic” learning process of playing the game, technical and physical qualities are also challenged and improved in an integrated training approach. The physical intensity of a game-like exercise may sometimes be even higher than of the competition because of more recovery during the training session. Controlling the demands of an exercise might happen by varying the size of the playing area, recovery breaks and the number of teammates and opponents. This also varies the type of the physical stumulus of the session.
Interpersonal coordination
The individuals of a team always interact and (self)organize in order to cooperate - even when the team did not deliberately train tactics for every game situation. This is called interpersonal coordination. Skilled individuals might be able connect with their teammates in smaller space, less support and generally in more challenging situations. That is, during less organized moments. However, improving the coordination of a team is not exclusive to improving the individual. The players get physical and technical repetitions during game-like training. Training in representative game situations may then be better use of the time. The coach controls the technical and physical demands of the training, providing suitable technical and physical stimuli but the aim is also for the interpersonal system to learn to coordinate better. Such approach also makes the technical and physical training specific and the transfer of training more likely.
Figure 1. The blue team ball carrier is under pressure and might lose the ball. He does not have many good passing options or space to dribble into. In case of negative transition, the blue team defensive balance is off and they would most likely suffer a dangerous counterattack.
Figure 2. The blue team has organized their offensive play and have better structure. With a simple movement, a teammate might be able to create space for the ball carrier to move into. Also the rest of the blue players offer more support to and all the while the blue team also has a better balance in case of a negative transition.
As the previous figures demonstrate, by organizing the team better during the offensive moments it is possible to perform better even when the ball carrier has problems maintaining possession under pressure, in a small space. Creating space by movements off-the-ball and having a balanced positioning may help the team thrive even if their player do not have the skills to dribble past good defenders in a small space. In situations like this it would be easy - but lazy - to blame it on the individual who was not technical, strong or fast enough to win her "1vs1". This conclusion would lead in different interventions than explained above.
Implications for training are the use of realistic game situations, either specific to the problematic situation or general game-like training where the players learn to solve similar situations. Some examples were shown in a previous blog.
An example: Indidual or interpersonal?
The finnish federation has used the following video clip to demonstrate that the mens national team players lack linear speed. The situation builds from poorly executed offensive moment and a high pressing defensive moment after that. Sweden is able to play out of pressure, making the pass to Svahn who gets the ball into slightly ahead of Piha. Now the situation is 3vs2 for the swedish team with the right lane defender having a problematic body shape and being unable to pressure Svahn. It ends up in a dangerous 2vs1 for Sweden.
Video 1. This example was also discussed in Perttu Kytöhonka’s earlier blog.
In my own recent blog post I analyzed the finnish teams high pressing during the EFT tournament. It is interesting to note that similar problems seem to occur even with a fast player like S. Johansson trying to maybe a bit slower player like J. Samuelsson:
Video 2. FIN-SWE 0-4 goal from the most recent EFT tournament
Now it depends on the coaching philosophy if you believe it is the best approach to pick faster players to the national team, get the chosen players run faster - or train the team with the tactical intention of organizing these moments of the game at least slightly better at the same time (having the players train situation-specific individual qualities at the same time)?
Adopting the complexity lens will imply the nature of the game is about interpersonal coordination - floorball interactions. This means the team is trying to accomplish tactical tasks with variable means but according to shared team principles. The principles create options for the players to choose and help them self-organize (choose suitable options) to solve the game situation themselves.
This approach reduces the need of finding the individual culprit who gets the blame for causing a problematic situation - as long as the whole team plays according to the team principles. Organizing the offensive moments keeping in mind the possible negative transition (and preparing for it) also empowers the ball carrier to challenge herself without the fear of failure in case of unsuccesful dribbles for example. Such approach is beneficial especially for a developing or a youth team.
Further reading: Mark O'Sullivan's great blog. He spoke about football interactions in the second scientific conference on motor skill acquisition in Kisakallio (november 2017).
Again, not a long blog post. There has been some debate in social media about identifying a problem in a team’s game and the possible solutions for that problem. The last debate took wind from Mikael De Anna’s blog post about the complexity of floorball in which he questioned the linear analysis of Finnish Women’s national team’s head coach Lasse Kurronen (Kurronen tweeted that Finland's U19 Women's team had no chance against Sweden in World Championships final as they lost the 1v1 -situations). Another debate rose from an article written by Jussi Leppälahti in Finnish sports magazine “Elmo”, in which he stated that in modern team sports coaching it is important to acknowledge the utmost importance of optimising the time available and to do that, one should integrate the tactical, technical and physical work in game-based sessions. To no one's surprise, the statement was questioned because it was seen to understate the importance of physical training.
If we respect the complex nature of an invasion sport like floorball, we can’t simply state “Because A happens, we should do B so that A doesn’t happen”. As many things affect the outcomes of even a single moment in a game, we should work backwards from the game itself and identify the problem while respecting the complexity in any given situation.
An example
This is an offensive moment, “Build up under high pressure with three players”. First we should analyse if the players involved are respecting the team’s main principles.
Picture 1: NST Lappeenranta's main principles in build up moment under pressure
We can say that yes, the players are executing the main principles regarding their positioning at an acceptable level.
However as the game proceeds, we lose the ball. Now we must analyse why does that happen. The “simple” answer is that there is an individual mistake but in complex invasion sports, that is almost always a very lazy - and wrong - answer. The positioning is ok, the player who starts with the ball (Ere Laitimo) is doing lateral movement with the ball as is expected; we have central support (Samuli Huppunen) and also passing option in the weak side (Konsta Koskimies). There isn’t any bad (or too weak) pass, the positioning is ok but still we lose the possession (for a moment).
Now the linear answer could be that the player offering a support in central lane (Huppunen) lacks technical ability when receiving the ball and thus isn’t able to control it under pressure - he needs a lot of closed technical work with special focus on receiving. The physical “A->B” -answer could be that Huppunen lacks linear speed and needs to do a lot of strength training to improve his first steps.
But again, as floorball is an invasion sport, the key to understand the problem can be found from the interaction of the three players. If Laitimo would have made the pass half a second earlier, then Koskimies would have had a bit more space to make the following pass to Huppunen who then would have probably received the pass in front of him instead - now he has a good body position but as he receives the pass behind his body, he can’t observe the surroundings and open space very well.
If there is something Huppunen could have done, it’s that he could have observed the field better before the eventual pass and when the pass didn’t come in front of him, he could have let it slide to his other side and move forward.
Picture 2: If Huppunen (white player in the middle) would have observed the space behind him better, he would have had more options. Question, players mistake or the coaches who hadn't succeeded in teaching this?
How to solve the problem?
The linear answer would neglect the interaction between the three players. That is also why the answer would be if not totally wrong, not the best available. If there is a problem in a game, it should be dealt with game-based approach in a training session.
The best way to deal with the problem is to create a similar kind of situation in a training session and get repetitions without repetition.
3+1v3+1 build up under pressure
Set up:
3+1v3+1. 3v3 in “pressing zone”, 1v1 in the attacking zone. The coach throws the ball to play and the three players closest to the ball (yellow in the picture) try open up the play under pressure by using the team’s principles (mentioned before). To make the build up more difficult, the ball must dribbled outside the pressing zone. If the three players succeed in this and the ball is dribbled outside the pressing zone, the other players are not allowed to follow and there will be a short 2v1 -situation in the attacking zone (1-2 seconds). If there’s no goal, the coach shouts “Play!” and the game proceeds 4v4 without restrictions for a while.
Progressions:
allow a long pass to the attacking zone
Make the field bigger and add another pressing player
In possession (offensive organisation): always one player in the central lane, positive / side body position; immediate floorball actions with the ball
Out of possession (defensive organisation): prevent the player with the ball from moving or passing forward; cover the central lane
Positive transition: Securing the first pass
Negative transition: prevent the player with the ball from moving past you
Feedback: individual, special focus on the player supporting on the central lane (observe the surroundings, side / positive body position)
”...we should try to improve a physical quality (or a technical, tactical, or phychological one, for that matter) only if it’s a limiting factor in a game performance. The quality should also be enhanced in a realistic context that’s applicable to competition.” - Dr. Fergus Connolly (from Game Changer - The Art of Sports Science)
As we put emphasis on the game-like situations in the training session, we might notice that a player is having difficulties during the exercise. We must analyse the situation and communicate with the player what could be the problem. Usually good discussion and more practice time will solve the problem but sometimes we might identify a specific limiting factor. Then we could plan an individual specific training program (technical, tactical, physical, psychological) in which we try to concentrate on the problem at hand. The individual program shouldn’t in most cases interfere with the team’s training program. We must monitor the player’s development closely and analyse by watching the game if the player develops in the identified moment. If not, we must re-think the individual program and adjust it accordingly, then repeat.
So, there is time and place for individual work also in team sports but it should always respect the game itself.
Perttu Kytöhonka (@pkytohonka)
Sidenote
A short sidenote from the video clip. If the players weren’t trained to solve the high press of the opponent with clear principles, the moment could have easily ended up in a situation where Koskimies would have received the pass from Laitimo even later and the opponent would have been able to press him. Then Koskimies would have been forced to turn his back to the field. Then the situation would have been more unfavourable for the white team. There could have been a “1v1” situation and if lost, the coach could have made the linear conclusion, that the team needs more physical work as they lose 1v1-situations.
Again, more like an extended tweet than a well-structured longer piece. I had an interesting short conversation with a Dutch floorball coach Tim Hidskens about half-spaces* in floorball.
*half-space = the space between the central lane and outer lanes
Picture 1: An idea about way to divide offensive zone in floorball
Picture 2: The kind of tactical discussion we could use in floorball
Half-space as a concept is pretty well-known in football. As not many teams in floorball use a lot of time and thought in organising their offensive game, the finer positional details have been overlooked and/or are not in use in common coaching language. Half-space is a very useful concept when organising the team’s offensive game. Unlike in football where there is many times more space in the field and the half-space can be used as a ball possession tool**, in floorball the quality use of half-spaces have more indirect effect.
** “When ball carriers are in the half-space, they have as many options as a ball carrier in the middle, but can cause more diagonal passing and movement patterns towards the outside or the middle, while their goal-orientated field of vision do not change.” - Spielverlagerung
When playing against zonal defensive systems, positioning in half-spaces can create “grey areas” for the defensive team. If the defensive team plays a very rigid zonal defense, it will be clear for the offensive team to see where those grey areas are and exploit them. Against man-orientated defensive systems use of half-space usually won’t create a free man as the opponent is not playing zonally but it nevertheless draws opponents to possibly unfavourable positions and creates a lot of space to the weak side.
Positional play is still a very unsearched territory in floorball but when developed well and patiently, it can be one of the steps towards more entertaining attacking floorball. Floorball is a game where the rules are favourable towards the team with the ball. By putting more focus on organising the team while attacking - and with a special focus on co-operation - any team can make the defensive team’s job very difficult.
Conversations comparing the individual and the collective as frames of reference often become a confrontation of opposites. Opinions are categorized either pro collective or individualistic. In reality these extremes do not truly exclude one another. It is only the discussion that gets polarised. This text covers the relationship between the individual and the collective and the problems of the conversation. There is no collective without individuals - the team consists of individuals, so the individual and the team cannot be separate things. They are inseparable and complementary. In team sports it is the collective that is competing, not the individuals. The concept “team” includes the individuals, but also consists of their interactions and interdependencies forming a complex system. Individualism on the other hand does not put up well with the benefit of a collective.
Figure 1. An individual is logically a subset of a team.The group “team” includes the individuals and thus is a wider frame of reference for understanding the whole. Looking at the actions of an individual only works in special cases and in sufficiently small details.
The goals scored in a match count for the team. Individual statistics are not the deciding factor for the result of the match (which team wins). Teams compete interacting with each other as whole systems. When a team wins, the individuals win. As the team develops, the individuals are also developing. Of course it is possible to win games without developing.
The complexity framework
Floorball is an invasion sport in which space and time are fundamental variables. They depend on the location and interaction of multiple players. Every player has an impact on the game situation and to possible solutions in the game. Simply the positioning of an individual player affects the spaces created on the field. In this sense, a true 1vs1 situation does not exist in an invasion sport.
Because of the interactions between the parts, the invasion game is defined as a complex system. These interactions allow the system to develop features that do not exist in individual parts of it. For this reason, the game cannot be deeply understood if these interdependencies are overlooked. The team (as well as the individual) is a complex system. Thus, neither the individual nor the 1vs1 situation cannot be isolated from the game environment if general conclusions of the game are to be made. Through the complexity paradigm, we seek to understand the game as a whole. This does not mean complication by adding variables, rather the game is explained by some simple principles - but in a different way.
Figure 2. Logically, the "isolated 1vs1" in a big space is a subset (special case) of floorball.In majority of the situations, it is not sensible to ignore the interactions with the rest of the players.
There are situations in which a player faces an opponent in a large space, so that the interactions of other players with these two are weaker. In such a case, the interactions could be temporarily ignored. These are exceptions that emerge as a result of collective behaviour - not a starting point for analyzing the game. Ignoring the interactions between players should be justified with careful analysis.
An "isolated individualistic performance" does not exist in the game. Every action - even standing still - affects other players and the emergence of spaces in between. Just positioning oneself may be a vital contribution to the team's performance such as attracting the opponent's defender and making space for teammates. Playing floorball is collective action - the game happens between players. You cannot play alone.
How does all this influence our practice?
The frame of reference and the language we use, affect how deeply we understand the game. This directly affects our activities in everyday life. If we want floorball to evolve, we must try to look at it through a more modern lens. The framework of complexity takes into account the above-mentioned interactions and collective behaviour. Individuals are not removed from it, but placed in the context of the game.
"There's Nothing More Practical Than A Good Theory" -Kurt Lewin
Interactions between teams and players set their own expectations for the skills that the game demands from a player. Opponents constrain the actions of an individual player. She needs to react and anticipate opponents and teammates actions that form the dynamic game environment. Isolated physical or technical training do not include the psychological abilities of adapting to the environment, which are crucial in floorball. A player's skill is not about the ability to perform high-quality technical and physical actions alone. Those should be performed for a real reason and also adapted to the actual situation on hand. This requires constant perception of essential information in the middle of the chaos of the game. Collective training of tactical situations enables the learning of this. Perception is intertwined with action and thus translates to interaction.Emphasizing individual technique or skill over the whole skill eliminates alternatives, mistakes, chaos, and disturbances. This is against specificity of training. The player doesn’t learn to match perception of game information and the technical actions. On the other hand, individual technique and fitness, do not disappear from collective training. Instead they happen in a representative context. Volume and (relative) intensity of training are accumulated to a sufficient degree from playing exercises. We should be looking for the minimum effective dose of training load that keeps the players developing, especially at the youth level. Instead, currently the individual physical properties are maximized in a hurry comparing players quantitatively with others in the same age group. In worst cases it is the training load that is maximized.
Technique and fitness are subordinate to the tactical dimension, because they are always tactical in the context of a game - they affect the game situation. A player spends the majority of the game without the ball. Even the best players make mistakes that must be collectively reacted to. These skills must also be actively coached, not dismissed.
A game situation cannot always be solved by quantitative amount of technical skill or fitness. Adapting by performing a suitable action is critical. Forcing the play with weak decisions will cause problems even if the individual wins her direct 1vs1-situation. Often, it is necessary to feint and surprise the opponent as a collective as well as individually. A player could dribble towards a gap in the opponents defensive line to attract and move them, then pass to a space created behind the line. Our own team should be able to anticipate such collective actions somehow, supporting the dribbler and observing the new space. Technically and physically the solutions may be "creative" but they should somehow align tactically to common principles of play. When a ball crosses the goal-line in accordance to the rules of the game, the goal registered as a goal regardless of the technique. Coaching such principles of play instead of techniques alone, makes the game model flexible and forms a language of game actions.
Figure 3. The best transfer-effect happens when training is designed taking into account all aspects of the game.First, choose the tactical goal and the moments of the game that you want to develop.After that, psychological training methods are planned, such as giving feedback and keeping score. Next come the optional added technical constraints and finally the physical demands by distribution of recovery breaks during the exercise.In Tactical Periodization methodology, training is designed in such hiearchy.
Players are communicating nonverbally in the game using floorball actions. The game model is their language. It must be flexible but clear enough. This needs a lot of focused training. An example could be as follows. The ball carrier dribbles, attracting one or two opponents towards the ball. He may keep them following until the pressure gets too high. This asks for support in certain available directions, and commands a possible teammate who is positioned on the way of the dribble to move and find space elsewhere. Clear principles create order in the chaos. A good team plays like "one organism", with fluent nonverbal communication. They form something of a ‘collective instinct’.
Training collectively in real game situations will afford the corresponding technical and physical (as well as psychologically competitive) repetitions without repetition. Traditionally, the technical skill of an individual is developed through the amount of repetitions of an explicit model technique. This is simply not how we acquire or perform skills. Even in very closed skill such as shooting, the skillful athletes technical details vary more than for the less skillful ones. Technique varies, but accuracy is better. A great shooter focuses on hitting the target, not how this is technically achieved. Variation is inevitable. In an invasion sport, adaptation and variation are manifold. Considering this in training design is critical.
Modern skill acquisition theory and the Constraints Led Approach
The design of modern skill training (Chow et al. 2016) implements the following starting points:
The exercise must represent the competition.
Manipulating the constraints will guide learning in the desired direction.
Combining information and movement, that is, observing your body and the environment is central.
Attention will be directed to the goal of the movement, not to the details.
The above principles are based on constraints led approach (CLA) and non-linear pedagogy. These methodologies were strongly highlighted at the Scientific Conference on Motor Skill Acquisition during the Autumn in Kisakallio. According to CLA, an organism (an individual or a group) is given a task that is solved while adapting to an environment. The constraints create a space (the triangle), within which the organism begins to solve the motor problem, self-organizing its actions.
Figure 4. Visualization of the constraints led approach.The constraints create a space within which the organism continuously perceives the environment in order to match actions to the information of the situation.Perception and action are intertwined, not sequential steps during the process.
These contemporary theories of motor learning challenge our traditional concepts of learning. We do not act, learn or remember like a computer. The brain cannot store and retrieve countless different precise movement patterns from the memory and run them through like a script. Environment and context affect our memories. Techniques are not remembered, they emerge when an organism perceives the environment and matches its activity with the observed information. Perception is not just visual and conscious. It also happens through motion, proprioception etc. and is partly subconscious.
Performance depends on coordinating our actions with perceived information. What the player perceives is the meaning of a situation for herself. This means the opportunities for action (affordance) that are present in the game environment at a given moment. When action is intertwined with perception, the result is meaningful and the emotions are connected to perception-action. This way the instinctive, emotion-based decision making develops. Representative simulation of the game in training is a key factors in such implicit learning. The information, action and emotion from the observation are integrated during repetitions.
The theory is based on ecological psychology. Perception and action take place simultaneously in space and time, not sequentially. Perception is not just looking. It does not always happen consciously. Likewise, adaptation takes place in large part in the body and the subconscious (e.g. reflexes). Therefore, implicit learning in game situations is crucial. This differs essentially from the linear cognitivistic "perception, analysis, decision-making, excecution" view. Not every decision is conscious. We cannot stop and analyze the game while under time pressure. Locking up the technical solution in advance is also problematic. The opponent might step in in the middle of such decision making cycle. It is best to play “present in this moment" - using intuition and know-how to help when there’s no time for the conscious process.
Video.Movement helps observe things that would otherwise be missed.For example, a baseball catcher updates his running direction while catching a high ball. She does not run straight from the starting point to the ball landing position."We must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive" -James J. Gibson
The collective coaching model is individualistic as well
Closed-skill technique drills do not encourage or foster creativity. If each individual is meant to repeat the same pattern multiple times, the intention is the opposite - making clones out of the individuals. In the current floorball culture (at least in Finland), there is a tendency to emphasize the importance of players' creativity by downplaying tactics. It is deemed tactics that kill creativity - but for some reason this is not the case for one-size-fits-all technical training. Model techniques are taught in detail by the coach but making decisions or adapting to situation are assumed to come from “mothers milk”. The players are expected to choose suitable technical action from a library in their memory. Either you have talent or not.
In a tactical sense, a lot of responsibility for decisions in game is shifted to the individual instead of the coach. In a team training like this, the tactical culture and nonverbal communication might be poor, but the players survive with individual skills and self-organization. Tactics are explained, sometimes drawn on the fly during a match. Individual mistakes and attitudes become the most common problem in functioning of such team. Some players will of course learn to execute the coaches tactics somehow even during a match - or adapt to such difficult situation with their individual skills. The rest are given pressure to find ways to survive. This often leads to more comparison of players and less of coaching each individual with good effort.
Collective coaching gives individuals room and appreciates diversity. It does not try to copy existing top players based on individual skills or properties. When the method of execution is not predetermined, an individual may use her creativity to reach a tactical task. Everybody does not have to do the same, but every player needs to align to the team values, cooperation and game model. In collective coaching, a player is free to make "well-intentioned mistakes" - to play brave and to take risks within the principles of the game model. Reacting to the mistakes as a team is achieved by practicing different moments of the game - transitions included in the training. This is how the collective tactics encourage the individual to play brave and try new or difficult things.
A collective’s coach will pick suitable players - not just the individuals with best physique or technique. It gives players the chance to succeed by diverse individual means. If the game model is flexible, not every player needs to be physically or technically peaked. They just need to learn to solve situations for the benefit of the team. A game model also helps team-building. Everyone is asked to play along common principles but not using the same technical-physical means.
This is also an important question of values in junior sports. Are we trying to find talent or develop it? Do we keep as many young players playing and participating as possible, or do we clean up the lesser material at an early age? Can we really predict by monitoring and testing individuals out of context to find out who will later become top players - in the context of the actual game? Is individual skill somehow different from the skill of playing the game floorball?
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